영어 문법 정리
11. 수동태와 주요 동사

4·5형식 수동태

중급수동태(受動態), 5형식(五形式)용어집 보기
이 문서 목차
  1. 핵심 정리
  2. 1. 4형식 수동태
  3. 2. 5형식 수동태
  4. 3. that절의 수동태
  5. 4. 구동사 수동태
  6. 5. 예문
  7. 6. 실전 사용 예
  8. 7. 한국인이 자주 하는 실수
  9. 8. 퀴즈

핵심 정리

4형식은 목적어가 두 개라서 수동태를 두 가지로 만들 수 있고, 5형식은 목적어만 주어로 옮깁니다.

형식 능동태 수동태
4형식 He gave me a book. I was given a book.
4형식 He gave me a book. A book was given to me.
5형식 We call him Tom. He is called Tom.

1. 4형식 수동태

간접목적어가 주어일 때

뒤에 직접목적어가 그대로 남습니다.

  • She gave me a watch. → I was given a watch.
  • They showed us the room. → We were shown the room.

직접목적어가 주어일 때

간접목적어 앞에 전치사를 넣습니다.

전치사 동사 예문
to give, send, show, teach, tell, offer A watch was given to me.
for buy, make, cook, find A cake was made for me.
of ask A question was asked of me.

간접목적어를 주어로 쓰지 않는 동사

buy, make, cook, write는 보통 직접목적어를 주어로 씁니다.

  • A sweater was bought for me. (I was bought a sweater는 어색합니다.)
  • A cake was made for me.

2. 5형식 수동태

목적어를 주어로 옮기고, 목적격 보어는 동사 뒤에 그대로 둡니다.

보어 능동태 수동태
명사 They named the baby Sora. The baby was named Sora.
형용사 We keep the room clean. The room is kept clean.
to부정사 He told me to wait. I was told to wait.
분사 I saw him running. He was seen running.

동사원형은 to부정사로 바뀝니다

사역동사 make와 지각동사의 보어인 동사원형은 수동태에서 to부정사가 됩니다.

능동태 수동태
They made me sign it. I was made to sign it.
We saw him leave. He was seen to leave.
I heard her sing. She was heard to sing.

have와 let은 이런 수동태를 쓰지 않습니다. 대신 다른 표현을 씁니다.

  • They let me go. → I was allowed to go.

3. that절의 수동태

say, think, believe, report, know처럼 생각이나 말을 나타내는 동사에 씁니다. 두 가지 방식이 있습니다.

능동태 It 수동태 주어 수동태
People say that he is rich. It is said that he is rich. He is said to be rich.
People believe that she left. It is believed that she left. She is believed to have left.

that절의 시제가 주절보다 앞서면 to have + p.p. 를 씁니다.

4. 구동사 수동태

구동사는 한 덩어리로 움직입니다.

능동태 수동태
They looked after the baby. The baby was looked after.
They laughed at him. He was laughed at.
We put off the meeting. The meeting was put off.
She took care of the dog. The dog was taken care of.

전치사를 빠뜨리면 틀립니다.

  • He was laughed. (✗)

5. 예문

쉬운 예문

예문 뜻
I was given a gift. 나는 선물을 받았다.
A gift was given to me. 선물이 내게 주어졌다.
The baby is called Max. 그 아기는 Max라고 불린다.
I was told to stay. 나는 머무르라는 말을 들었다.

보통 예문

예문 뜻
We were shown the new office. 우리는 새 사무실을 안내받았다.
She was seen leaving the building. 그녀가 건물을 나가는 모습이 목격되었다.
The door was left open. 문이 열린 채로 있었다.
He is considered the best player. 그는 최고의 선수로 여겨진다.

어려운 예문

예문 뜻
Employees are required to wear ID badges at all times. 직원은 항상 신분증을 착용해야 한다.
The company is believed to have lost millions of dollars. 그 회사는 수백만 달러를 잃은 것으로 여겨진다.
It is expected that the new law will be passed this year. 새 법안은 올해 통과될 것으로 예상된다.

6. 실전 사용 예

상황 문장 뜻
이메일 I was told to contact you. 연락드리라는 안내를 받았습니다.
이력 I was offered a job in Tokyo. 도쿄에서 일자리 제안을 받았습니다.
규정 Visitors are asked to sign in. 방문객은 입실 등록을 해 주시기 바랍니다.
뉴스 It is reported that prices will rise. 물가가 오를 것으로 보도되고 있다.
공지 You are required to attend. 반드시 참석하셔야 합니다.

7. 한국인이 자주 하는 실수

문법 오류

틀린 문장 맞는 문장 이유
A cake was bought to me. A cake was bought for me. buy는 for를 씁니다.
I was made sign it. I was made to sign it. to부정사로 바뀝니다.
He was seen leave. He was seen to leave. to부정사로 바뀝니다.
The baby was looked. The baby was looked after. 구동사를 한 덩어리로 씁니다.
I was let go home. I was allowed to go home. let은 be allowed to를 씁니다.
He is said be rich. He is said to be rich. to부정사가 필요합니다.

뜻 차이·권장 표현

표현 권장·대조 표현 구분 설명
A book was given me. A book was given to me. 격식·지역 차이 왼쪽은 격식체나 영국 영어에서 쓰기도 합니다. 일반적으로는 to를 씁니다.

8. 퀴즈

수동태로 바꾸기

  1. My boss gave me a bonus. (I로 시작)
  2. My boss gave me a bonus. (A bonus로 시작)
  3. Dad bought me a bike. (A bike로 시작)
  4. They elected her president.
  5. They made him apologize.
  6. I saw her cross the road.
  7. People say that the movie is great. (It으로 시작)
  8. People say that the movie is great. (The movie로 시작)

알맞은 말 고르기

  1. I was asked .
  2. A dress was made her.
  3. The meeting was until Friday.

틀린 곳 고치기

  1. The prize was given Mina.

도전 문제

  1. 다음 문장을 영어로 옮겨 보세요.
    그 화가는 자신의 작품을 모두 불태웠다고 전해진다.

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